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Australian Standards Welding Symbols
Safety of toys – Corrugation depth texture – PVC Accessories System
Hazards
Small toys can be swallowed by children to be seen how the electronic key in the stomach. Toys stuck in the esophagus or too large to have to pass through the stomach to be removed with endoscopes.
Common scenarios are:
Choking or aspiration of small parts
Strangulation
Cuts from sharp parts of the toy
Injuries caused by projectiles
Drowning
Motor vehicle accidents with toys
Lead Paint
Accidents
Accidents with toys are common, with 40,000 happens every year in the UK (according to 1998 figures – Data not collected in the United Kingdom since 2003), less than 1% of annual accidents. In 2005 in the United States, 20 children under 15 years in toy-related accidents found dead and an estimated 202 300 children under 15 years were treated in combined U.S. hospital emergency rooms for injuries from toys, according to the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission's National Electronic Injury Surveillance System. In the European Union have no fatal accidents in the European injuries have been reported here since 2002.
Safety Standards
This must be drawn a distinction between statutory and voluntary safety standards. The table below shows that many regions model its safety standards on the EU standard EN 71, either directly or through the adoption of the ISO 8124 standard, which is modeled on EN 71st
Region
Standard (s) and regulations
International
ISO 8124-1:2000 Safety in connection with mechanical and physical properties
ISO 8124-2: 1994 Flammability
ISO 8124-3: 1997 Migration of Certain Elements
ISO 8098: 1989 cycles for the safety of bicycles for children
Argentina
Instituto Argentino de Racionalization de Materials 3583:
Parte 1: Seguridad de los juguetes 1986, Marcado, rotulasdo y BRANCHEMENT
Parte 2: 1988 Propiedades Mecánicas y físicas
Parte 3: 1988 Inflammabilidad
Part 4: 1991 Requisitos toxicologicos
Part 5: 1996 Juegos de experimentos Quimicos y actividades relacionadas
Australia
AS / NZS ISO 8124.1-2002 Safety of toys (safety requirements) Part 1: mechanical and physical requirements the properties
AS / NZS ISO 8124 2-2003 safety of toys (safety requirements) Part 2: Flammability requirements
AS / NZS ISO 8124.3 to 2003 Safety of toys (safety requirements) Part 3 Migration of certain elements requirements
AS 8124.4-2003 Safety of toys (safety requirements) Part 4: Experimental sets for chemistry requirements
AS 8124.5-2003 Safety of toys (safety requirements) Part 5: Chemical requirements
AS 8124.7-2003
Safety of toys – finger paints – requirements and test methods
Brazil
ABNT (Brazilian Association of Technical Standards)
NBR 11786/1998 – Toy Safety
Canada
Technical Standards and Safety Act, upholstered furniture and stuffed articles of the regulation
Hazardous Products Act RS c. H-3
Hazardous Products (Toys) Regulations CRC, c. 931
Hazardous Products (Pacifiers) Regulations: "Knob-Like" Pacifiers policy
Regulations on the advertising, sale and importation of dangerous products (dummy) under ex-Products Act
A Guide to safety requirements for toys
Toys: Age Classification Guidelines
China
ISO 8124.1:2002 Safety of toys – Safety aspects related to mechanical and physical properties
GB 9832-93 Safety and Quality of sewn, plush and cloth toys
GB 5296.5-96
Label and instructions for toys
Chinese Taipei
Chinese national standard CNS 4797, 4798 Toy Safety Standard
Chinese National Standards CNS 12 940 for strollers and carriages
Toy product marking criteria
European Union
EN 71-1:2005 + A8: 2009 Safety of toys: mechanical and physical properties
EN 71-2:2006 + A1: 2007 Flammability requirements
EN 71-3:1994 / AC: 2002, Specification for migration of certain elements
EN 71-4:1990 / A3: 2007 Experimental sets for chemistry and related activities
EN 71-5:1993, Chemical toys (sets) other than experimental sets
EN 71-6:1994 Graphical symbols for age warning
EN 71-7: 2002 Finger requirements and test methods
EN 71-8:2003 Safety of toys – toys Outdoor activities
EN 71-9: 2005 Organic Chemical Connections
EN 62115:2005 Safety of electric toys
Directive (88/378/EEC) on the approximation of the laws of the Member States Toy Safety
Directive (2009/48/EC) on the safety of toys
Directive (87/357/EEC) Directive dangerous imitations
Council Directive (93/68/EEC) rules for the affixing and use of CE marking
Hong Kong
Toys and children's products Instructions (in accordance with ASTM F963, ICTI or EN-71)
Jamaica
JS 90:1983 Jamaican Standard Specification for the safety of Toys and games
Japan
The Japan Toy Association Toy Safety Standard
Part 1 – Mechanical and physical properties
2 – fire behavior
Part 3 – Chemical Properties
Malaysia
Toy Safety
MS EN71 Part 1:1995 (P) Mechanical and physical properties
MS ISO 8124-2:1999 Flammability
MS EN71 Part 3: 1998 Migration of Certain Elements
MS EN71 Part 4:1998 experimental sets for chemistry and related
MS EN71 Part 5: 1998
Chemical toys (sets) other than experimental sets
Mexico
NOM 015/10-SCFI/SSA-1994
Toy safety and economic computer science – toys and school supplies security. Limits on the bioavailability of metals on Articles with coatings and paints. Chemical requirements and test methods.
New Zealand
AS / NZS ISO 8124.1:2002 Safety of toys – Safety aspects in terms of mechanical and physical properties (ISO 8124.1:2000, MOD)
AS / NZS ISO 8124.2:2003 Safety of Toys – Flammability (ISO 8124.2: 1994, MOD)
AS / NZS ISO 8124.3:2003 Safety of toys – Migration of certain elements
Saudi Arabia
SSA 765-1994 Playground equipment part I: General safety requirements
SSA 1063-1994
Toys and General Safety Requirements
SSA 1064-1995 Method of Testing Part 1: mechanical and chemical tests
SSA 1065-1995 Method of Testing Toys Part 2: Flammability
SSA 1322-1997 Low Power Radio Frequency Devices
Singapore
Toy safety:
SS 474 PT. 1:2000 Part 1: mechanical and physical properties
SS 474 PT. 2: 2000 Part 2: Flammability
SS 474 PT. 3: 2000 Part 3: Migration of certain elements
SS 474 PT. 4: 2000 Part 4: Experimental sets for chemistry and related sets
SS 474 PT. 5: 2000 Part 5: Chemical toys (sets) other than experimental sets
SS 474 PT. 6: 2000 Part 6: Graphical symbol for age warning
South Africa
SABS ISO 8124-1:2000 Safety of toys – Part 1: Safety aspects related to mechanical and physical properties
SABS ISO 8124-2:1994 Flammability
SABS ISO 8124-3:1997
Migration of certain elements
Thailand
Thai Industrial Standard TIS 685-2540 for toys Part 1: General requirements (1997)
Compulsory Stnd.
Part 2: Packages and Marking (1997)
Part 3: Test & Analysis (1997)
United States
Mandatory Toy Safety Standard:
Code of Federal Regulations, Commercial Practices 16, Part 1000 to the end (16CFR)
Title 15 Commerce and Trade Chapter XI – Technology Administration, Department of Commerce Part 1150 – Marking of Toy, Look-alike and imitation firearms
U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission Engineering Test Manual for Rattles
U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission Engineering Test Guide for dummies
U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission labeling requirements for art materials, for chronic hazards (Lhama)
U.S. Child Safety Protection Act, small parts choking hazard warning rules and regulations for reporting incidents
Age Determination Guidelines: Related Children Age of Toy Features and play behavior (September 2002)
Voluntary Toy Safety Standard:
ASTM F963-07E1 Standard Consumer Safety Specification Safety of Toys
ASTM F734-84 (89/94) Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Toy Chests
ASTM F1148-97A Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Home Playground Equipment
ASTM F1313-90 Standard Specification for Volatile N-nitrosamine levels in rubber nubs on pacifier
ANSI Z315.1-1996 American National Standard for Tricycles – Safety requirements
ANSI / UL 696, Ninth Edition Standard for Safety Electric Toys
(Source: ICTI safety standards for toys)
In Europe, toys must meet the criteria set by the EC Toy Directive (essentially, that a toy to be sure, which may test the European standard EN71 to be addressed) so that they carry the CE mark. All Member States of the European Union states have transposed this Directive into law – for Example, the United Kingdom's Toy (Safety) Regulations 1995th Trading standards officers in the UK, similar to the corresponding authorities in other EU Member States have the power to immediately call for the withdrawal of a toy recall product from sale for reasons of safety through the RAPEX notification system (for all products that use the European safety standards legislation). In Canada, the government department Health Canada has responsibility for product safety, as well such as the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) in the United States. Australia and New Zealand safety standards for toys (according to the approximate model of the European TSD standard) have been been adopted by ISO as international standard ISO 8124th Toy safety standards are updated and changed as understanding of risks increases and new products are developed.
Appropriate Age
Age warning symbol specified in European standard EN_71-6.
Manufacturers often have information about the intended age of the children who will play with the toy. In the U.S., this label is sometimes asked by the CPSC, in particular for toys that a choking hazard to children under three years can present. In most countries of the intended age as either a minimum age or shown as age. While One reason is the complexity of the toy and how much there is interest or challenge children of different ages, is another highlight on that maybe unsafe for younger children. While a toy could be suitable for children of the age, and so this is the age recommended on the product, can find security risks with the use of a lower age group, it must be a mandatory warning. Some manufacturers also explain the specific risks in addition to the Age fall (as the European and international toy safety standards EN71 and ISO 8124 and commissioned, but not U.S. standard ASTM 963). Some accidents occur when babies play with toys intended for older children.
United States rules
In August 2008, the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act was adopted, which limits the amount of lead and phthalates, which may be present in toys to children (aged under 12 years). Some observers believe that this new law the toughest toy-making standard in the world.
European regulations
In Europe, the comprehensive legislation on safety Toys of the Toy Directive, the European Union (EU) (Directive 88/378/EEC). This Directive is a list of requirements to be complied with toys need, and is in the legislation of the Member States of the EU interprets in their toy safety regulations (eg the UK Toys (Safety) Regulations 1995 (Decree 1995 No. 204)). This Directive was replaced by Directive 2009/48/EC of the Council the toys are imported into the EU of 20 July 2011, with the exception of chemical requirements of Annex II, from 20 July 2013 apply. During such periods, the relevant requirements of the previous policy still apply. Compliance both policies leads to a CE mark, which is a mandatory requirement compliance with all applicable directives is described. Some items specifically exempted from this scheme are: fashion jewelry for children, Christmas decorations, and sports equipment. Official Guidance on the classification of toys in the EU was on the planned EU-Commission. When the products are not classified as toys, they are still governed by the Directive on general product safety. The TSD contains harmonized EU-wide Standards for physical and mechanical properties, flammability, chemical properties and electrical properties, but noted that certain key aspects the security of the guidelines should not be regulated by safety standards such as hygiene and radioactivity. The Safety of Toys Directive (and subsequent regulations of the Member States) Calls also for the next applicable national or international standards used when a standard-is not specified in the directive. This interpretive clause exists is to ensure that new and innovative toys safe before they are brought to market. The safety of toys EN71 standard was harmonized by the EC as the standard norm meet the needs toys. If a toy has proven to be unsafe (due to the breach of any specified standards, or not an obvious risk of breaches in standards set), then the producer (the manufacturer or importer of the first in the EU are kept of the product unit in question) of an offense under the Toys (Safety) Regulations (Or equivalent EU state law). The principle of due diligence (the manufacturer argued that all reasonable steps have been taken to ensure the safety of consumers in respect to ensure the toys) are used (in Britain) are to avoid prosecution by the producer, fines and possible imprisonment. The unsafe toys taken out of the EU market will be with all authorities in the Member States shall notify the RAPEX system.
Chinese Regulations
China's toy industry has since 2007 regulated by the expansion of national compulsory certification system for products including toys. Regulations require a manufacturer for China Compulsory Certification (CCC) of the nation's Certification and Accreditation Administration (CNCA) apply. From March 1, toy manufacturers in China are in a position to three CA nominated by the CNCA to certify their products apply. Toys are subject to review of the inspection and certification. Since June 1, 2007, no toy products without CCC allowed to leave, factories, sold or imported into China. It is hoped this measure is the increasing international pressure to mitigate the environmental protection, and the further expansion of the country's export market toys. This increase in control was introduced before the 2007 Chinese export recalls.
International trade
International trade plays a major role in the safety of toys. In the first four months of 2006, China exported U.S. $ 4,000,000,000 worth of toys. The United States contributed 70 percent of the global market through the export of U.S. $ 15,200,000,000 in toys in 2005. The European Union accounts for 75% of the final arrangement of these Toys. From January 2005 to September 2006, products originating in China were about 48 percent of the products responsible for recalls in the U.S., and a similar percentage of visitors in the EU. Lack of process control in sub-contracted suppliers, a contributing factor in recent high-profile cases.
Moving towards global standards
Although an international standard exists for toy safety, nations around the world still have their own laws and standards to address the problem. Current safety standards for toys focus on design principles and rely on batch testing of samples for the security guarantee. As seen in the large-scale recalls were the 2007 samples may miss non-compliant product. A design can conceptually sure, but without control over the production, the design can not be met by the manufacturer be. Similarly, the applicable safety standards for toys, to a toy is tested by a laboratory may not see a danger in the product: In the case of 2007 magnetic toy recalls and the Bindeez recall the products in question met the requirements of the applicable safety standards established, but proved to be an inherent risk can represent. Proposed process and quality control, similar to the ISO 9000 systems, try to errors in production control and materials to eliminate deviations from to avoid the construction. The creation of quality standards for the production of toys will help the consistency of production. With a continuous Model can improve the production of a continuous control, rather than assuming that the compliance of all production steps through the testing of samples. In October and November 2007 mandatory third test was designed by the supervisory authorities in the EU and the U.S. to propose a (possibly new) international standard, a new security to mark. There is no evidence that the proposals address production control.
Recalls and safety risks
The ability of a Product recall from the market is a necessary part of any safety regulations. If existing quality and safety standards fail to recognize a problem before the sale, a systematic method for informing the public and eliminate potentially hazardous products is required by the market. Some toys have been discovered to not sure was when they must be placed on the market. Before the introduction of safety-monitoring organizations, the toys were simply stopped, produced, when an action was ever taken [change], but since then it has many toys that were recalled by the manufacturer was. In some notable cases the problem was only found after the injury or death of a person who purchased the product.
Examples
Bindeez
Batches of Bindeez in November 2007 were recalled after several children swallowed as pearls and had a negative impact. After the capture of a chemical in the product in the stomach in the so-called "Date-rape drug" GHB is metabolised. The design called for a different, non-toxic, but that was with an alternative chemical, which was approximately the same functional Properties have been replaced.
Cabbage Patch Snack Time Kids
The Cabbage Patch Kids dolls were very popular in the 1980s in North America and much of Europe. The "Cabbage Patch Kids Snacktime Kids" series of dolls was "eat" an early incarnation of 1990s plastic snacks. The mechanism was a pair One-way metal rollers behind a plastic slot and rubber lips, and there were 35 reported incidents where a child hair or fingers caught in the mouth. On 31 December 1996, after 700 000 dolls in the United States were distributed in just five months, the CPSC announced together with manufacturers Mattel, that they would place warning labels did not sell at all Dolls. A week later, in January 1997, CPSC and Mattel announced that all Cabbage Patch Kids Snacktime Kids dolls have been removed from the nature of the market.
Lawn Darts
A security warning given by the CPSC.
Lawn darts are large, weighted darts to be thrown underhand to a horizontal ground Goal. On 19 December 1988, all lawn darts banned from sale in the United States by the Consumer Product Safety Commission, having responsibility for the deaths of three were children.
Magnetix
One death and four serious injuries led to the recall of 3.8 million Magnetix building sets March 2006. The magnets in the plastic building pieces can fall out and be swallowed or aspirated. MEGA Brands Magnetix since implemented design enhancements, including ultrasonic welding of plates, 100% testing, gluing magnets in bars, the abolition of the 3 + 6 + marked for identification post-operative control of the Rose Art adopted on 1 January 2006. Only safe and improved products are currently on the shelves [citation needed].
Polly Pocket
In November 2006 4.400.000 Polly Pocket play sets have been compiled by Mattel swallow children in the United States reminded loose magnetic parts. The toy was all over the world began three years has been sold back.
Statistics
With the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (http://www.cpsc.gov/LIBRARY/data.html) figures, the annual number of reported child deaths and injuries toys, compared Total expenditure with CPSC and toy sales in the U.S. by year are tabulated below.
Year
Injuries (U.S. $ 000)
Deaths (age <15)
CPSC toy safety funding
(In millions of USD)
Toy sales
(In Billion USD)
1994
154
1995
139
1996
130
1997
141
1998
153
14
1999
152
16
13.6
2000
191
17
12.0
2001
255
25
12.4
2002
212
13
12.2
21.3
2003
206
11
12.8
20.7
2004
210
16
11.5
22.4
2005
202 (estimate)
20 (estimate)
11.0
22.2
2006
No data
No data
No data
22.3
It was in 1999 after the rise of injuries claims may partially be due to increased imports from China and a declining budget CPSC. [Edit] Note that the amount allocated to reduce CPSC the risks to children by year decreased annually since 1999.
no longer fit but given in combination with other categories – this is sometimes done for an agency to give more flexibility, but sometimes this is done incorrectly show an increase in funding if there is no way to examine how much will be used for a particular task. [Edit]
References
^ Abc The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents, March 2001. "Toy Safety Fact Sheet". Retrieved 8th January 2007.
^ Department of Trade and Industry, 2000 (1998 data). "Home Accident Surveillance System, 22 Annual Report.
^ European Injury Database
^ CSPC, 5 October 2006. "Toy-related deaths and injuries in the calendar year 2005. "Accessed 10 January 2007.
^ Https: / / webgate.cec.eu.int / idbpa / test / result.jsp
^ "The Toy (Safety) Regulations 1995. Retrieved 7 January 2006.
^ EUROPA – Consumer Affairs – Safe Products
^ Harmonised EU safety standards Toys
^ Toy Safety Regulations – BERR
^ "Bush signs law to ban lead from children's toys; toughest standard in the world. "Associated Press. 08/14/2008. , 0.7590962. history. Accessed 15/08/2008.
^ Directive 2009/48/EC on the safety of toys
^ Official guidelines for the classification of toys
^ People's Daily Online – toy industry gets better regulation
^ China Economic Review, January 2007. "Reports / Better safe than sorry". Retrieved 10th January 2007.
^ BBC NEWS | Business | 'Brand China at risk after toy recall
^ Safety standards for toys Around the World
^ Principles of quality management
^ EU, U.S. seek new global toy safety standard | Science & Health | Reuters
^ ANSI: Toy Safety takes high-priority standards developers
^ Http: / / www.theillustrator.ca / Headlines / China-admits-that-was-poison-in-toys.html
^ KidSource 31 December 1996th "CPSC and Mattel Announce Warning for Cabbage Patch Doll." Retrieved 5th January 2006.
^ Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), 6 January 1997. "Mattel and the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission Announce Voluntary Refund Program for Cabbage Patch Kids Snacktime Kids & Dolls". Today, some sites on the Internet Say that the dolls were "weird" and eat human flesh. They were also said to be one of the 20 things you may not be made under a Christmas tree. Today, some sites on the Internet say that the dolls are evil and eat human flesh. another site, www.thetoyzone.com said that one of the things that you never feel like a Christmas tree to see. Retrieved 15th January 2007.
^ Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). "CPSC Bans Lawn Darts." Retrieved 5th January 2006.
^ Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), 31 March 2006. Child Death Prompts Exchange Program of Magnetic Building Sets. Retrieved 8th January 2006.
^ The Scotsman, 22 November 2006. "Toy recall of magnetic danger". Retrieved 8th January 2006.
External Links
Product safety recalls (in the United Kingdom, not limited to toys) with Trading Standards Institute
Toy Hazard Recalls (in the United States) at the Consumer Product Safety Commission
New EU Toys Directive published in June, 30th 2009
Categories: Product safety | ToysHidden categories: All articles with statements blank | blank with Article Statements from November 2007 | blank article with statements from December 2007
