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RULES OF THE INDIAN ELECTRICITY AND INDUSTRIAL SAFETY

Paramesh Malakar.

B. Sc (Engineering) BHU

RULES OF THE INDIAN ELECTRICITY AND INDUSTRIAL SAFETY

Indian Electricity Rules are very large and general guidelines for the design, manufacture, construction, operation and maintenance of all electrical and industrial safety are built into it. These rules, as a body to cover all aspects of electricity seems have more than one point, ambiguous and foreign. However, a thorough interpretation of these rules indicates the elements to be observed to have a solid proven system, reliable and secure.

It is estimated that of the utmost importance to consider the safety aspects of electricity that the electricity in various forms has become indispensable for industry regularly to maintain modern production unit, control, communications, advertising, security and disaster management.

Production and packaging of power are major highlights in this article that are deemed harmful to equipment and life.

One approach here is to move from basic needs in simple language so that the content is accessible to non-professionals as well as many engineers as these people are engaged in work electricity.

SUMMARY:

INTRODUCTION

Zone Classification

COMPONENTS Industrial facilities

IMPORTANT RULES

General Security Issues

Selection of equipment

EQUIPMENT INSTALLATION

Capacity utilization and OPERATION

Routine checkup

MAINTENANCE OF STATISTICS

PERSONAL SAFETY RULES

INTRODUCTION

Security at the dawn of civilization has been included in the three basic needs. Food, shelter and clothing given to man the security he needed. The inventions and the development of inventions in the mechanization of man demanded more security. Security emerged as a concept and today has become a branch of engineering studies. Fluent in security is involved the use of security devices or welding goggles protect from radiation while doing welding or the use of X-ray machines, however, if the dangers contact discharges, explosions, possible accidents, etc. are the lightning will be clear that security considerations are the design of the first machine and systems and must be systematically integrated into the manufacturing, installation and operation of facilities and equipment.

The risks are unpredictable and incalculable. But while the control of industrial risks, we find that these risks are contained within the system very clearly defined. When the shortcomings of a system are known they can be eliminated through proper design and work procedures.

electrical safety aspects of industrial plants are related primarily with the operation in good health during the race, closing anomalies, changing in and out of maintenance and labor. These non-electrical safety is difficult to determine if the right approach is taken by blue-print apron.

Zone Classification

An industry is a unit that processes the entries in the product final? output. The nature of the environment in different locations in the industrial area is constantly changing due to the abnormal production of waste and pollutants. These locations may become dangerous from the perspective of electrical engineering based on their degree of flammability. It is very important that only good devices and equipment are chosen for these areas, which are activated by hazardous industrial processes. Again the rain, humidity, dust are harmful to electrical installations.

Region, which has no fire hazards in their environment is safe. Security zone such equipment designed and manufactured to meet the nominal value of bonds can be installed. However, when the risk outweighs the danger zones. Hazardous areas of industrial plants are grouped into divisions (Ref. IS5572) according to the event the presence of flammable gases or gas mixtures ions in it.

These are:

DIV 0: when the risk of fire is always present.

DIV I: When fire hazard is present condions during normal operation.

DIV II: In case of fire hazard is present in abnormal operating conditions.

• These areas require different safety devices to be integrated into applications such as integrated functions to the appropriate in these places.
• In zones 0 Div appliances provided that the practice should be avoided. But in any case needed in the area flammability must be clearly defined and intrinsic security units to be installed.
• In Div I and II areas, where the concentration of explosive gas is present, but within equipment explosion (Ref. IS 2148) or increased safety equipment (Ref. 6318 IS) should be used.
• The regions where rainfall, moisture and become waste in housing electrical appliances must be the concern of bad weather? For example, according to IS 4691 for induction motors, IS 2147 to BT and tables adequately protected against the entry of foreign materials contained in these rules. devices are also available in pressure that occur sparks, weather etc type of installation and use in specific areas.

COMPONENTS Industrial facilities

electrical industrial plant includes mainly: a) outdoor indoor substations , b) HV MV c) CCM CCP LV d) Transformers, e) Engines, f) cable networks, g) airlines, h) switching stations, i) heaters, j) refrigerators, k) lighting systems, etc. For their safety, some rules in the rules for IE are set. These packages are carefully met.

IMPORTANT RULES

The major provisions are as follows: –

• IE Article 29: Article 29, a high capacity for processing power, size and strength. This rule states that any electrical device, network or system must have sufficient capacity to manage Energy output to that employment, in particular, its size should be sufficient to handle the power required and should be convenient for use and should have sufficient strength mechanics to prevent danger to human life or items nearby.
• Or Article 50: Article 50 stipulates the implementation of the switches appropriate cross section of the primary side, secondary transformers, motor controls and proper use of isolation.
• IE Article 66: Article 66 establishes a system of metal controller cover cable or network level fault current available to power fuses to isolate the equipment or gear presence of a fault.
• These rules include IE appliances for handling and use of electricity and examine aspects of the design and manufacture of these Articles widely. This is also expected to match the use of applications These outlets are supported during the blue print. These rules together with details of Indian Standards Grant, which must be considered on the safety of aircraft in service.
• In addition to defining the broad lines manufacturing, ie rules also provide the installation and testing of electrical equipment and systems, as well as various security measures taken in the installation and commissioning in hand.
• IE Article 51: Article 51 provides sufficient mechanical strength of integrated appliances, attaching electrical components land living in metal boxes and installation instructions to the permissiveness of the space in the vicinity of the tables for the movement of personal work.
• Article 60.61: Article 60 and 61 years make it necessary to properly grounded electrical systems and testing facilities to ensure tat have no vices hidden.
• Article 64, 66, 67: These rules oblige them to have security features built into the facility through the protection, security drainage and sewerage transformer oil, which prevents the accumulation of oil in the trenches, organizational design such as faulty electrical components can be isolated immediately. These tests also provide different tension to support the capacity and condition of insulation to ensure the system's ability to withstand more tension and secure dangerous fault currents. They also support the land safe electrical systems in different locations to avoid danger.

Issues General Security

The general safety aspects of industrial facilities are the care of the following stages: –

Selection of equipment

During the selection:

• Classification of zones.
• F equipment selection tailored to the particular region.
• Taking care right against the possible misinterpretation of short descriptions like? fire proof, fireproof, weatherproof, submersible, etc. relative humidity and establish good relations with its efficient working environment.
• Noting the time constraints and assessments of continuous service in the operating parameters different limit values for the job safely.

INSTALLATION MATERIAL

During installation:

• Name plate data and the board must be connected to devices and their proper installation, referring to the relevant standard is appropriate.
• The work on security the location and proximity to other teams to ensure the safety and maintenance.
• cable terminations and all connections must be of a type and size by approved methods.
• Design details earthing and lightning Sholder firewall systems for strict compliance of any weaknesses in the application must be compensated by changing else is needed. with due diligence to the aircraft grounded neutral.
• Location computer control any electrical device should be so that it remains accessible to a defect in the device or any other abnormality of other platforms.
• Care must be taken to prevent accumulation of rainwater flowing into surface waters in the trenches for cables.

USE capacity and performance

These guidelines and standards and services directly in establishing an appropriate relationship between the use and final evaluation capabilities in the design, manufacture, selection typr correct steps to use in different environments, to be taken during erection Install make these safe. However, one point is great importance here to see how long the unit remains intact and functioning manufacturer maintains good margins and some basic properties of electrical Durin lost ng operation. Some of them are: –

• Di-electrical and physical properties of the insulation.
• Spring tension of the various contacts and the resulting contact pressure.
• ohmic resistance of the joints and electrical terminations connections.
• Calibration of instruments of protection and metering devices y.

In this case, so that attention is sufficient and appropriate capacity choice of the author recalls two cases: –

1. In an engine – Control – Center (MCC) control fuse was burned in an engine compartment of the apparatus. Immediately any failure is detected, then the fuse, due to the unavailability of HRC fuse has been remodeled and put in place. The link has been the position Neutral. The flaw was lurking in the contactor coil power due to other things – to turn short. Immediately after insertion of the fuse that blew noise caused flash – more on bars naked together hoses to pursue the fuse base. The result was a burning hand of the operator and the trigger from the factory. It is an indication clear the risks of increased volume of fuses.
2. In another case, there was a short circuit device LT. He flaps were glued ACB Bakelite Box the bands of metal. While the removal of the band came ACB, hit the bars, causing a short circuit arc heavy fire. This was the result of bad decisions and implementation in the design and manufacturing. Later, these bands have been replaced by individual bars.

Routine checkup

The aging of appliances is a significant phenomenon. In the case of insulation deterioration of the electrical resistance can be important in an application (eg, transformers, reactors), but also the loss of mechanical strength may be the main factor in another. For example, the physical strength of the insulation is of great significance to improve Engine safety bar insulators insulators through a line, etc. In the normal course of GO NO GO indication is followed in the electrical insulation handsets megger place. But it is necessary that quality measures are taken at specific intervals.

A Another one of the hidden dangers in the years of isolation, which is dried, it loses transport capacity of heat and results in the development of access points. In the case of engines, is very critical because the engines are sometimes subjected to start again. The effect of aging of insulation if the transformer is a complex phenomenon. In addition to the stress of isolation in development due to high temperatures in the insulation is exposed to moisture and sludge produced in the transformer during normal operation. As you get older transformer moisture and the formation of sludge increase speed. While the state assessment or evaluation of the remaining life of the transformers of the operation is very essential if the transformer tests will emphasize to the limit Fire and explosion in the presence of any minor spark.

Industrial plants may have a network with a network of land distribution. This network system is essential to equalize the ground potential of the stage control and touch voltages within the range limited. The grid system contains the tombs of land and the network band of land and includes equipment neutral ground. During operation, the joint resistance is developing. These resistors are not detected during testing resistance of the earth. However, the dead ground fault current distribution of non-compliance is impaired, through paths of least resistance and leads to connections melting point to the nearest transformer. This phenomenon is pronounced in the case of the location of industry documents heavy rains. Water corrodes connecting bolts, allowing the loose connection and also gives the fault circuit through electrolytic action. During the period between the onset of insulation failure of failure on the current line moves unpredictably and flows into the transformer or generator neutral through the hole closest to the Earth that directly related to the transformer or generator neutral. The author has experience failure logon sump 25 MVA 66 11 kV transformer neutral point due to ground fault at the distribution level. In these cases, the charger was not isolated to the checkpoint of the shipper, not isolated to the newcomer, but the 66 kV feeder tripped POE O / C of detection at the end of shipment. These developments are concerned about the accumulation of oil, as often seen in septic interconnection station and the transformer and may cause a fire. These disconnections neutral phenomena can lead to high voltage if the system is defective and can cause injury connected electrical installations.

Changes or deviations from the characteristics of protective relays or components in the use of mobile nodes attached in use is not uncommon. Regular testing and calibration of these elements are needed. Protective devices such as the Buchholz relay for transformers, the fire (over temperature) sensing devices to release CO2 cylinders, if it can not can lead to serious accidents and damage to nature. These devices protection must remain in good health at any time.

electrical safety aspects of industrial plants are best considered in the design and manufacturing. This prevents the safe operation of plants. However, plants need operation and maintenance. The electrical safety of personnel works equally important.

MAINTENANCE OF STATISTICS

We need to freak accidents and information is gathered and framed in statistics to indicate the influence of various factors. For example, Table 1 shows the number of accidents in terms of percentage. This table shows a) the category voltage installations where the fatalities are numerous, b) the age of the working group of staff who are more susceptible to accidents, c) the type of facilities or places where accidents are more frequent.

TABLE 1

A.

Type of installation – and – no. Fatal accident

Since the class of voltage%

1. HV sub – stations 96%
2. LV sub – stations 4%

B.

Age group of workers – and not. Fatal accident

%

20 to 25 years and 9%

25 to 30 years 15%

30 to 35 TEARS 18%

35 to 40 years 19%

40 to 45 years 9%

45 – Above 30%

C.

Facility Type – Y – NO. Fatal accident

HIGH VOLTAGE LOW VOLTAGE

More lines of the head 15% 5%

Accidental contact of 16% to 3%

device general – 15%

domestic use – 11%

Sub station equipment from 8% to 0.5%

Agricultural use – 8%

Lights Notebook – 7%

customer service lines – 5%

portable power tools – 3%

2.5% Miscellaneous 1%

PERSONAL SAFETY

Everyone recognizes that the security facilities are irritating and invaluable. Once the statistics are being developed or practical approach must be taken in drafting the rules with discretion on the basis of experience and knowledge. Growing industries in the new technique developed new problems. Rules Security must stay abreast of the times.

PERSONAL CERTFICATION

The selection of workers is vital electrical WORK. These people should be tailored for electrical and Employment and will be required quality and a good attitude in preventing accidents. Are expected to know the jobs listed complies with the weather and time tested methods work.

INTERACTION supervisors

Maintenance work may require the simultaneous use of sitting on various fronts as an integrated network. For example, work may be necessary in a transformer, circuit breaker high voltage side and low side bus voltage to go through. In such a situation, there must be a thorough understanding of the scope of work between groups. It is therefore essential that supervisors meet at a conference to review the details of each task.

Team Composition

It is very important that the work team composed of labor necessary. More or less effective is not desirable. Small teams are better. Thus, the planning work should be such that small teams are involved in specific jobs and when necessary, small teams combined additional staff.

Operating instructions

While working at HT or MT devices are isolated from the source and THR are "dead."

But in some cases, LV systems, such as industrial control circuits, sometimes the lighting circuits and to provide temporary connections, the study shows on live circuits.

Again, keep in mind the requirements of the cable tray as the life line cable tension.

Facilities Operation and locking electrical PROCESS

By taking the benefit of electricity, it is imperative that effective measures taken to ensure that you can not accidentally re-energized. A court must be visible and must be adapted "tagged." Safety rules must be strictly respected and where the locks have been provided that their use should be mandatory.

The completion of the CARE

During maintenance work various temporary connections are provided Tolsá hand, lamps, etc. These traces Connections dangerous if not removed at the end of maintenance. Care must be taken to the appropriate accounting all temporary connections.

personal protective measures.

personal protection measures to be taken by personnel working should be taken with more care. Must be taken into account by the supervisor that his staff may have a problem human, as no information to his son who is studying in a distant place, your mind may be worried about his wife or disease may be constantly thinking of buying a new car model. Whatever, anxiety r concern should come to the attention of his supervisor who in turn is responsible for operating staff member team.

The security measures are part of general precautions;

• All workers should wear clothing that allows free movement and are not strictly enforced.
• Workers should not wear shoes soles complained.
• Workers should not use the PAC-frame metal.
• Workers should not wear rings.
• Workers should not use keys, coins, metal parts in them in the pockets open.
• Workers should not use metal-rimmed glasses.

Rubber gloves.

Golove Rubber insulated according to the line voltage or equipment on which work is carried out, must be worn by workers. However, it should be noted Rubber gloves are not only available on all channels vivo.

normal rubber coats, boots, shoes, hats, etc. should not be regarded as the protective insulation.

Using rubber gloves should be THST careful spark or arc can not run it and the worker's hand is to keep contact with the living.

SEAT BELTS

Seat belts must be use while working in places to a height where sufficient space and means of support is not available.

Seat belts must be used while working at a height where the worker is using two hands.

Insulated tools

Electric Power tools (eg pliers, testers, fuse pullers, etc.) must be isolated.

The same worker may need to exercise functions electricians and technicians. In this case, power tools must be separately stored and used correctly.

Scales.

appropriate scales should be used whenever necessary. It should be noted that, based on the elements on the walls and ceilings are not intended for such purposes is a dangerous practice.

MAINTENANCE MEASURES

tools and equipment protection devices to be used by workers should be regularly inspected and maintained so that his condition does not deteriorate accordingly.